Effect of work from home which impacted on turnover intention during covid-19 pandemic
Keywords:
Commitment, Motivation, Satisfaction, Turnover, WFHAbstract
The implementation of the Work From Home (WFH) policy is believed to be able to suppress the growth rate of COVID-19 cases, so this policy was enacted to slow the spread of Covid-19 while preventing sustainable economic losses. This study aims to determine the relationship and analyze the effect of WFH on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and work motivation that has an impact on turnover intention in the technological era during the Covid-19 pandemic. The respondents in this study were 207 respondents of employees working in start-up companies, especially technology-based companies in the Jabodetabek area on a local and national scale which were taken using the purposive sampling method. This research is quantitative and uses the PLS Structural Equation Model (SEM-PLS) analysis tool. The results of this study show that WFH has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and work motivation. Then job satisfaction and organizational commitment have a negative and insignificant effect on turnover intention but work motivation does not have a negative effect on turnover intention. This research contributes to increasing knowledge about the impact of WFH on employee behavior at work, and can be a consideration for companies to develop new strategies to create a good work environment.
References
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Candel, O. S., & Arnăutu, M. (2021). Psychological Entitlement and Work-related Outcomes during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Role of Telecommuting as a Moderator. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 23(2), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.24913/rjap.23.2.04
Coenen, M., & Kok, R. A. W. (2014). Workplace flexibility and new product development performance: The role of telework and flexible work schedules. European Management Journal, 32(4), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.12.003
Contreras, F., Baykal, E., & Abid, G. (2020). E-Leadership and Teleworking in Times of COVID-19 and Beyond: What We Know and Where Do We Go. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(December), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590271
Cranford, S. W. (2020). Seven Seconds or Less: Buzzwordy Titles in the Era of MOFs and Tinder. Matter, 3(4), 965–967.
Cronje, J. C. (2020). Designing Questions for Research Design and Design Research in e‑Learning. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 18(1), pp13-24.
Daraba, D., Wirawan, H., Salam, R., & Faisal, M. (2021). Working from home during the corona pandemic: Investigating the role of authentic leadership, psychological capital, and gender on employee performance. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1885573
Dingel, J. I., & Neiman, B. (2020). How many jobs can be done at home? Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235
Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M. S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L. A., Surtiari, G. A. K., & Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091
Dos Santos, L. M. (2016). Relationship between Turnover Rate and Job Satisfaction of Foreign Language Teachers in Macau. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 6(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v6n2p125
Els, V., Brouwers, M., & Lodewyk, R. B. (2021). Quality of work life: Effects on turnover intention and organisational commitment amongst selected south african manufacturing organisations. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1407
Esmaeilpour, M., & Hamidianpour, F. (2014). A sian R esearch C onsortium The Effect of Organizational Commitment on the Performance of Organizational Units , Case Study : The Telecommunications Company of Bushehr Province , Iran. May.
Fonner, K. L., & Roloff, M. E. (2010). Why teleworkers are more satisfied with their jobs than are office-based workers: When less contact is beneficial. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(4), 336–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2010.513998
Fryer, L. K., & Dinsmore, D. L. (2020). The Promise and Pitfalls of Self-report: Development, research design and analysis issues, and multiple methods. Frontline Learning Research, 8(3), 1–9.
Girma, T. N. (2019). The effects of organizational culture on turnover intention: The mediating role of job satisfaction, a case of Oromia Forest and Wild Life Enterprise. African Journal of Business Management, 13(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm2018.8612
Grieshaber, S. (2020). Equity and research design. In Doing early childhood research (pp. 177–191). Routledge.
Hsu, Y. Y., Bai, C. H., Yang, C. M., Huang, Y. C., Lin, T. T., & Lin, C. H. (2019). Long Hours’ Effects on Work-Life Balance and Satisfaction. BioMed Research International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5046934
Kaliyamoorthy, S., Shibami, A. H. A.-, & Nusari, M. (2018). Effect of Motivation on Employee Retention in Malaysian Hotels. International Journal of Management and Human Science, 2(1), 1–7.
Kazekami, S. (2020). Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 101868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101868
Khan, A., Muneer, S., Shah, A., Hussain, N., Abro, S., & Mahar, A. (2021). The Impact of Organisational Commitment and Job Embeddedness on Employee Turnover Intention in the Hotel Industry of Pakistan: The Mediating Impact of. Ijicc.Net, 15(5), 2021.
Komari, N., & Djafar, F. (2013). Work Ethics, Work Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment at the Sharia Bank, Indonesia. International Business Research, 6(12), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v6n12p107
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002
Lixcel Q. Lantican, M. (2021). Modeling Workload, Job Satisfaction, Work Stress and Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intention: Evidence from Hospitality Management Educators. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 09(03), 439–450. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2021.93028
Machokoto, W. (2020). a Commitment Under Challenging Circumstances: Analysing Employee Commitment During the Fight Against Covid-19 in the Uk. International Journal of Advanced Research, 08(04), 516–522. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/10803
Mustajab, D., Bauw, A., Rasyid, A., Irawan, A., Akbar, M. A., & Hamid, M. A. (2020). Working From Home Phenomenon As an Effort to Prevent COVID-19 Attacks and Its Impacts on Work Productivity. TIJAB (The International Journal of Applied Business), 4(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.20473/tijab.v4.i1.2020.13-21
Prabowo, K. A., Ellenzy, G., Wijaya, M. C., & Kloping, Y. P. (2021). Impact of Work from Home Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Reproductive Health of Women in Indonesia. International Journal of Sexual Health, 0(0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2021.1928808
Qureshi, S. (2013). The Relationship between Work Motivation, Burnout and Intention to Leave for the Top Level Managers of Garment Industry (A Case Study of Indian Garment Industry). International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 3(4), 128. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v3i4.4609
Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2017). Working from Home: What Is the Effect on Employees’ Effort? Schmalenbach Business Review, 70(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x
Rysavy, M. D. T., & Michalak, R. (2020). Working from Home: How We Managed Our Team Remotely with Technology. Journal of Library Administration, 60(5), 532–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2020.1760569
Saidu, N. (2018). Factors Influencing Employee’s Turnover and Their Effects in the Malaysian Private Sector. International Journal of Business and Management Future, 2(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijbmf.v2i1.117
Saragih, M., & Novimariono, N. (2020). An Experimental Study of The Effectiveness PEOW MODEL Through Applying Quartet Card in Teaching English Writing. Indonesian Journal of Education, Social Sciences and Research (IJESSR), 1(1), 32–40.
Shu, K., Mahudeswaran, D., Wang, S., Lee, D., & Liu, H. (2020). Fakenewsnet: A data repository with news content, social context, and spatiotemporal information for studying fake news on social media. Big Data, 8(3), 171–188.
Sims, R. L., Ruppel, C. P., & Zeidler, P. (2016). Work strain, job satisfaction, and intention to quit: The Moderating Effect of Long-Term Orientation. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039755
Sousa-Uva, M., Sousa-Uva, A., e Sampayo, M. M., & Serranheira, F. (2021). Telework during the COVID-19 epidemic in Portugal and determinants of job satisfaction: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12295-2
Stewart, E. (2021). Detecting Fake News: Two Problems for Content Moderation. Philosophy & Technology, 1–18.
Szczepańska-Woszczyna, K. (2015). Leadership and Organizational Culture as the Normative Influence of Top Management on Employee’s Behaviour in the Innovation Process. Procedia Economics and Finance, 34(15), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01646-9
van der Giesen, C., Cucurachi, S., Guinée, J., Kramer, G. J., & Tukker, A. (2020). A critical view on the current application of LCA for new technologies and recommendations for improved practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120904.
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
Bonenberger, M., Aikins, M., Akweongo, P., & Wyss, K. (2014). The effects of health worker motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention in Ghana: A cross-sectional study. Human Resources for Health, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-43
Candel, O. S., & Arnăutu, M. (2021). Psychological Entitlement and Work-related Outcomes during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Role of Telecommuting as a Moderator. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 23(2), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.24913/rjap.23.2.04
Coenen, M., & Kok, R. A. W. (2014). Workplace flexibility and new product development performance: The role of telework and flexible work schedules. European Management Journal, 32(4), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.12.003
Contreras, F., Baykal, E., & Abid, G. (2020). E-Leadership and Teleworking in Times of COVID-19 and Beyond: What We Know and Where Do We Go. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(December), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590271
Cranford, S. W. (2020). Seven Seconds or Less: Buzzwordy Titles in the Era of MOFs and Tinder. Matter, 3(4), 965–967.
Cronje, J. C. (2020). Designing Questions for Research Design and Design Research in e‑Learning. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 18(1), pp13-24.
Daraba, D., Wirawan, H., Salam, R., & Faisal, M. (2021). Working from home during the corona pandemic: Investigating the role of authentic leadership, psychological capital, and gender on employee performance. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1885573
Dingel, J. I., & Neiman, B. (2020). How many jobs can be done at home? Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235
Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M. S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L. A., Surtiari, G. A. K., & Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091
Dos Santos, L. M. (2016). Relationship between Turnover Rate and Job Satisfaction of Foreign Language Teachers in Macau. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 6(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v6n2p125
Els, V., Brouwers, M., & Lodewyk, R. B. (2021). Quality of work life: Effects on turnover intention and organisational commitment amongst selected south african manufacturing organisations. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1407
Esmaeilpour, M., & Hamidianpour, F. (2014). A sian R esearch C onsortium The Effect of Organizational Commitment on the Performance of Organizational Units , Case Study : The Telecommunications Company of Bushehr Province , Iran. May.
Fonner, K. L., & Roloff, M. E. (2010). Why teleworkers are more satisfied with their jobs than are office-based workers: When less contact is beneficial. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(4), 336–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2010.513998
Fryer, L. K., & Dinsmore, D. L. (2020). The Promise and Pitfalls of Self-report: Development, research design and analysis issues, and multiple methods. Frontline Learning Research, 8(3), 1–9.
Girma, T. N. (2019). The effects of organizational culture on turnover intention: The mediating role of job satisfaction, a case of Oromia Forest and Wild Life Enterprise. African Journal of Business Management, 13(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm2018.8612
Grieshaber, S. (2020). Equity and research design. In Doing early childhood research (pp. 177–191). Routledge.
Hsu, Y. Y., Bai, C. H., Yang, C. M., Huang, Y. C., Lin, T. T., & Lin, C. H. (2019). Long Hours’ Effects on Work-Life Balance and Satisfaction. BioMed Research International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5046934
Kaliyamoorthy, S., Shibami, A. H. A.-, & Nusari, M. (2018). Effect of Motivation on Employee Retention in Malaysian Hotels. International Journal of Management and Human Science, 2(1), 1–7.
Kazekami, S. (2020). Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 101868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101868
Khan, A., Muneer, S., Shah, A., Hussain, N., Abro, S., & Mahar, A. (2021). The Impact of Organisational Commitment and Job Embeddedness on Employee Turnover Intention in the Hotel Industry of Pakistan: The Mediating Impact of. Ijicc.Net, 15(5), 2021.
Komari, N., & Djafar, F. (2013). Work Ethics, Work Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment at the Sharia Bank, Indonesia. International Business Research, 6(12), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v6n12p107
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002
Lixcel Q. Lantican, M. (2021). Modeling Workload, Job Satisfaction, Work Stress and Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intention: Evidence from Hospitality Management Educators. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 09(03), 439–450. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2021.93028
Machokoto, W. (2020). a Commitment Under Challenging Circumstances: Analysing Employee Commitment During the Fight Against Covid-19 in the Uk. International Journal of Advanced Research, 08(04), 516–522. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/10803
Mustajab, D., Bauw, A., Rasyid, A., Irawan, A., Akbar, M. A., & Hamid, M. A. (2020). Working From Home Phenomenon As an Effort to Prevent COVID-19 Attacks and Its Impacts on Work Productivity. TIJAB (The International Journal of Applied Business), 4(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.20473/tijab.v4.i1.2020.13-21
Prabowo, K. A., Ellenzy, G., Wijaya, M. C., & Kloping, Y. P. (2021). Impact of Work from Home Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Reproductive Health of Women in Indonesia. International Journal of Sexual Health, 0(0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2021.1928808
Qureshi, S. (2013). The Relationship between Work Motivation, Burnout and Intention to Leave for the Top Level Managers of Garment Industry (A Case Study of Indian Garment Industry). International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 3(4), 128. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v3i4.4609
Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2017). Working from Home: What Is the Effect on Employees’ Effort? Schmalenbach Business Review, 70(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x
Rysavy, M. D. T., & Michalak, R. (2020). Working from Home: How We Managed Our Team Remotely with Technology. Journal of Library Administration, 60(5), 532–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2020.1760569
Saidu, N. (2018). Factors Influencing Employee’s Turnover and Their Effects in the Malaysian Private Sector. International Journal of Business and Management Future, 2(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijbmf.v2i1.117
Saragih, M., & Novimariono, N. (2020). An Experimental Study of The Effectiveness PEOW MODEL Through Applying Quartet Card in Teaching English Writing. Indonesian Journal of Education, Social Sciences and Research (IJESSR), 1(1), 32–40.
Shu, K., Mahudeswaran, D., Wang, S., Lee, D., & Liu, H. (2020). Fakenewsnet: A data repository with news content, social context, and spatiotemporal information for studying fake news on social media. Big Data, 8(3), 171–188.
Sims, R. L., Ruppel, C. P., & Zeidler, P. (2016). Work strain, job satisfaction, and intention to quit: The Moderating Effect of Long-Term Orientation. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039755
Sousa-Uva, M., Sousa-Uva, A., e Sampayo, M. M., & Serranheira, F. (2021). Telework during the COVID-19 epidemic in Portugal and determinants of job satisfaction: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12295-2
Stewart, E. (2021). Detecting Fake News: Two Problems for Content Moderation. Philosophy & Technology, 1–18.
Szczepańska-Woszczyna, K. (2015). Leadership and Organizational Culture as the Normative Influence of Top Management on Employee’s Behaviour in the Innovation Process. Procedia Economics and Finance, 34(15), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01646-9
van der Giesen, C., Cucurachi, S., Guinée, J., Kramer, G. J., & Tukker, A. (2020). A critical view on the current application of LCA for new technologies and recommendations for improved practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120904.
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2023-07-08
How to Cite
Sugiarto, P. ., & Abadi, F. . (2023). Effect of work from home which impacted on turnover intention during covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Management Science (JMAS), 6(3), 281–288. Retrieved from https://exsys.iocspublisher.org/index.php/JMAS/article/view/257
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